Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Exosome Nanovesicles in Lung Cancer: State-of-The-Art.

Lung cancer is a malignant disease with high morbidity, mortality, and poor prognosis since conventional therapeutic approaches are not sufficient. Recently, with the discovery of exosomes, researchers have implemented new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of various malignancies such as lung cancer. Investigation of lung cancer cell-derived exosomes and analysis of their profile by advanced techniques will assist researchers to take advantage of the specific properties of these multivesicular bodies. Also, scientists have presented various encouraging methods in the treatment of lung cancer with loading drugs, proteins, microRNAs, and siRNAs inside specific antigen-targeted exosomes. This review discusses the role of exosomes as novel prognostic biomarkers (containing lipids, surface and internal proteins, miRNAs, and lncRNAs) and therapeutic agents (e.g. vaccine and targeted drug delivery systems) in lung cancer.

Simultaneous nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs and chemotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy and diagnosis: Recent advances.

Recently, investigations have revealed that RNA interference (RNAi) has a remarkable potential to decrease cancer burden by downregulating genes. Among various RNAi molecules, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been more attractive for this goal and is able to silence a target pathological path and promote the degradation of a certain mRNA, resulting in either gain or loss of function of proteins. Moreover, therapeutic siRNAs have exhibited low side effects compared to other therapeutic molecular candidates. Nevertheless, siRNA delivery has its own limitations including quick degradation in circulation, ineffective internalization and low passive uptake by cells, possible toxicity against off-target sites, and inducing unfavorable immune responses. Therefore, delivery tools must be able to specifically direct siRNAs to their target locations without inflicting detrimental effects on other sites. To conquer the mentioned problems, nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs, using inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), polymers, and lipids, has been developed as a biocompatible delivery approach. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in the siRNA delivery methods that employ nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers, as well as the inorganic-based co-delivery systems used to deliver siRNAs and anticancer agents to target cells.

Evaluation of Fructosamine 3-kinase and Glyoxalase 1 activity in normal and breast cancer tissues.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a typical malignancy and the most common in the female and it is the primary reason behind cancer-related deaths of women around the world. The pathological role of the non-enzymatic change of proteins by reducing sugars become frequently shows in different kinds of cancer. Cancer cells generally rely upon aerobic glycolysis as the main source of energy. Impaired glucose metabolism is somewhat responsible for the aggregation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Methylglyoxal (MG), a glycolysis byproduct either contributes to the accumulation of AGEs. Enzymatic defense upon AGEs products exists in all mammalian cells. AIMS: The present work intends to look into Glyoxalase1 (GLO1) and fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) activity in human breast carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients were entered into the study. Samples of breast tumoral tissue and normal matches were drawn from patients after surgery. FN3K and GLO1 enzymatic activity were analyzed using a radiometric and spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS: The average level of FN3K enzyme was fundamentally lower in cancerous tissues parallel with adjacent noncancerous tissues. We also observed a consistent increase of GLO1 activity in the tumor parallel with pair-matched normal tissue. CONCLUSION: The current findings build up a key-role of enzymatic defense to detoxify cytotoxic AGEs and methylglyoxal levels in tumor cells. These discoveries may give another system to the treatment of breast cancer.